Volatility
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Install Volatility onto your workstation of choice or use the provided virtual machine. On Debian-based systems such as Kali this can be done via `apt-get install volatility`
No Answer
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What memory format is the most common?
Answer : .raw
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The Window's system we're looking to perform memory forensics on was turned off by mistake. What file contains a compressed memory image?
Answer : hiberfil.sys
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How about if we wanted to perform memory forensics on a VMware-based virtual machine?
Answer : .vmem
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First, let's figure out what profile we need to use. Profiles determine how Volatility treats our memory image since every version of Windows is a little bit different. Let's see our options now with the command `volatility -f MEMORY_FILE.raw imageinfo`
voluser@vol-server:~$ volatility -f cridex.vmem imageinfo
Volatility Foundation Volatility Framework 2.6
INFO : volatility.debug : Determining profile based on KDBG search...
Suggested Profile(s) : WinXPSP2x86, WinXPSP3x86 (Instantiated with WinXPSP2x86)
AS Layer1 : IA32PagedMemoryPae (Kernel AS)
AS Layer2 : FileAddressSpace (/home/voluser/cridex.vmem)
PAE type : PAE
DTB : 0x2fe000L
KDBG : 0x80545ae0L
Number of Processors : 1
Image Type (Service Pack) : 3
KPCR for CPU 0 : 0xffdff000L
KUSER_SHARED_DATA : 0xffdf0000L
Image date and time : 2012-07-22 02:45:08 UTC+0000
Image local date and time : 2012-07-21 22:45:08 -0400
No Answer.
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Running the imageinfo command in Volatility will provide us with a number of profiles we can test with, however, only one will be correct. We can test these profiles using the pslist command, validating our profile selection by the sheer number of returned results. Do this now with the command `volatility -f MEMORY_FILE.raw --profile=PROFILE pslist`. What profile is correct for this memory image?
From Above question :
[...]
Suggested Profile(s) : WinXPSP2x86, WinXPSP3x86 (Instantiated with WinXPSP2x86)
[...]
Answer : WinXPSP2x86
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Take a look through the processes within our image. What is the process ID for the smss.exe process? If results are scrolling off-screen, try piping your output into less
voluser@vol-server:~$ volatility -f cridex.vmem --profile=WinXPSP2x86 pslist
Volatility Foundation Volatility Framework 2.6
Offset(V) Name PID PPID Thds Hnds Sess Wow64 Start Exit
---------- -------------------- ------ ------ ------ -------- ------ ------ ------------------------------ -----------
-------------------
0x823c89c8 System 4 0 53 240 ------ 0
0x822f1020 smss.exe 368 4 3 19 ------ 0 2012-07-22 02:42:31 UTC+0000
0x822a0598 csrss.exe 584 368 9 326 0 0 2012-07-22 02:42:32 UTC+0000
0x82298700 winlogon.exe 608 368 23 519 0 0 2012-07-22 02:42:32 UTC+0000
0x81e2ab28 services.exe 652 608 16 243 0 0 2012-07-22 02:42:32 UTC+0000
0x81e2a3b8 lsass.exe 664 608 24 330 0 0 2012-07-22 02:42:32 UTC+0000
0x82311360 svchost.exe 824 652 20 194 0 0 2012-07-22 02:42:33 UTC+0000
0x81e29ab8 svchost.exe 908 652 9 226 0 0 2012-07-22 02:42:33 UTC+0000
0x823001d0 svchost.exe 1004 652 64 1118 0 0 2012-07-22 02:42:33 UTC+0000
0x821dfda0 svchost.exe 1056 652 5 60 0 0 2012-07-22 02:42:33 UTC+0000
0x82295650 svchost.exe 1220 652 15 197 0 0 2012-07-22 02:42:35 UTC+0000
0x821dea70 explorer.exe 1484 1464 17 415 0 0 2012-07-22 02:42:36 UTC+0000
0x81eb17b8 spoolsv.exe 1512 652 14 113 0 0 2012-07-22 02:42:36 UTC+0000
0x81e7bda0 reader_sl.exe 1640 1484 5 39 0 0 2012-07-22 02:42:36 UTC+0000
0x820e8da0 alg.exe 788 652 7 104 0 0 2012-07-22 02:43:01 UTC+0000
0x821fcda0 wuauclt.exe 1136 1004 8 173 0 0 2012-07-22 02:43:46 UTC+0000
0x8205bda0 wuauclt.exe 1588 1004 5 132 0 0 2012-07-22 02:44:01 UTC+0000
Answer : 368
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In addition to viewing active processes, we can also view active network connections at the time of image creation! Let's do this now with the command `volatility -f MEMORY_FILE.raw --profile=PROFILE netscan`. Unfortunately, something not great is going to happen here due to the sheer age of the target operating system as the command netscan doesn't support it.
voluser@vol-server:~$ volatility -f cridex.vmem --profile=WinXPSP2x86 netscan
Volatility Foundation Volatility Framework 2.6
ERROR : volatility.debug : This command does not support the profile WinXPSP2x86
No Answer.
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It's fairly common for malware to attempt to hide itself and the process associated with it. That being said, we can view intentionally hidden processes via the command `psxview`. What process has only one 'False' listed?
voluser@vol-server:~$ volatility -f cridex.vmem --profile=WinXPSP2x86 netscan
Volatility Foundation Volatility Framework 2.6
ERROR : volatility.debug : This command does not support the profile WinXPSP2x86
voluser@vol-server:~$
It's fairly common for malware to attempt to hide itself and the process associated with it. That being said, we can view intentionally hidden processes via the command `psxview`. What process has only one 'False' listed?
voluser@vol-server:~$ volatility -f cridex.vmem --profile=WinXPSP2x86 psxview
Volatility Foundation Volatility Framework 2.6
Offset(P) Name PID pslist psscan thrdproc pspcid csrss session deskthrd ExitTime
---------- -------------------- ------ ------ ------ -------- ------ ----- ------- -------- --------
0x02498700 winlogon.exe 608 True True True True True True True
0x02511360 svchost.exe 824 True True True True True True True
0x022e8da0 alg.exe 788 True True True True True True True
0x020b17b8 spoolsv.exe 1512 True True True True True True True
0x0202ab28 services.exe 652 True True True True True True True
0x02495650 svchost.exe 1220 True True True True True True True
0x0207bda0 reader_sl.exe 1640 True True True True True True True
0x025001d0 svchost.exe 1004 True True True True True True True
0x02029ab8 svchost.exe 908 True True True True True True True
0x023fcda0 wuauclt.exe 1136 True True True True True True True
0x0225bda0 wuauclt.exe 1588 True True True True True True True
0x0202a3b8 lsass.exe 664 True True True True True True True
0x023dea70 explorer.exe 1484 True True True True True True True
0x023dfda0 svchost.exe 1056 True True True True True True True
0x024f1020 smss.exe 368 True True True True False False False
0x025c89c8 System 4 True True True True False False False
0x024a0598 csrss.exe 584 True True True True False True True
Answer : csrss.exe
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In addition to viewing hidden processes via psxview, we can also check this with a greater focus via the command 'ldrmodules'. Three columns will appear here in the middle, InLoad, InInit, InMem. If any of these are false, that module has likely been injected which is a really bad thing. On a normal system the grep statement above should return no output. Which process has all three columns listed as 'False' (other than System)?
voluser@vol-server:~$ volatility -f cridex.vmem --profile=WinXPSP2x86 ldrmodules
Volatility Foundation Volatility Framework 2.6
Pid Process Base InLoad InInit InMem MappedPath
-------- -------------------- ---------- ------ ------ ----- ----------
4 System 0x7c900000 False False False \WINDOWS\system32\ntdll.dll
368 smss.exe 0x48580000 True False True \WINDOWS\system32\smss.exe
368 smss.exe 0x7c900000 True True True \WINDOWS\system32\ntdll.dll
584 csrss.exe 0x00460000 False False False \WINDOWS\Fonts\vgasys.fon
584 csrss.exe 0x4a680000 True False True \WINDOWS\system32\csrss.exe
584 csrss.exe 0x75b40000 True True True \WINDOWS\system32\csrsrv.dll
584 csrss.exe 0x75b50000 True True True \WINDOWS\system32\basesrv.dll
584 csrss.exe 0x7e720000 True True True \WINDOWS\system32\sxs.dll
584 csrss.exe 0x77e70000 True True True \WINDOWS\system32\rpcrt4.dll
584 csrss.exe 0x7c800000 True True True \WINDOWS\system32\kernel32.dll
584 csrss.exe 0x77dd0000 True True True \WINDOWS\system32\advapi32.dll
584 csrss.exe 0x77fe0000 True True True \WINDOWS\system32\secur32.dll
584 csrss.exe 0x7e410000 True True True \WINDOWS\system32\user32.dll
584 csrss.exe 0x7c900000 True True True \WINDOWS\system32\ntdll.dll
584 csrss.exe 0x77f10000 True True True \WINDOWS\system32\gdi32.dll
584 csrss.exe 0x75b60000 True True True \WINDOWS\system32\winsrv.dll
608 winlogon.exe 0x01000000 True False True \WINDOWS\system32\winlogon.exe
608 winlogon.exe 0x01630000 True True True \WINDOWS\system32\xpsp2res.dll
[...]
Answer : csrss.exe
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Processes aren't the only area we're concerned with when we're examining a machine. Using the 'apihooks' command we can view unexpected patches in the standard system DLLs. If we see an instance where Hooking module: <unknown> that's really bad. This command will take a while to run, however, it will show you all of the extraneous code introduced by the malware.
volatility -f cridex.vmem --profile=WinXPSP2x86 apihooks
[...]
************************************************************************
Hook mode: Usermode
Hook type: Inline/Trampoline
Process: 1484 (explorer.exe)
Victim module: Secur32.dll (0x77fe0000 - 0x77ff1000)
Function: Secur32.dll!EncryptMessage at 0x77fea5fb
Hook address: 0x146a1e0
Hooking module: <unknown>
Disassembly(0):
0x77fea5fb e9e0fb4789 JMP 0x146a1e0
0x77fea600 51 PUSH ECX
0x77fea601 51 PUSH ECX
0x77fea602 56 PUSH ESI
0x77fea603 8d45f8 LEA EAX, [EBP-0x8]
0x77fea606 50 PUSH EAX
0x77fea607 ff7508 PUSH DWORD [EBP+0x8]
0x77fea60a 6a01 PUSH 0x1
0x77fea60c e87683ffff CALL 0x77fe2987
0x77fea611 8bf0 MOV ESI, EAX
Disassembly(1):
0x146a1e0 83ec0c SUB ESP, 0xc
0x146a1e3 33c0 XOR EAX, EAX
0x146a1e5 3944241c CMP [ESP+0x1c], EAX
0x146a1e9 53 PUSH EBX
0x146a1ea 8b5c241c MOV EBX, [ESP+0x1c]
0x146a1ee 0f85e7000000 JNZ 0x146a2db
0x146a1f4 394304 CMP [EBX+0x4], EAX
0x146a1f7 89 DB 0x89
[...]
No Answer.
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Injected code can be a huge issue and is highly indicative of very very bad things. We can check for this with the command `malfind`. Using the full command `volatility -f MEMORY_FILE.raw --profile=PROFILE malfind -D <Destination Directory>` we can not only find this code, but also dump it to our specified directory. Let's do this now! We'll use this dump later for more analysis. How many files does this generate?
voluser@vol-server:~$ volatility -f cridex.vmem --profile=WinXPSP2x86 malfind -D .
Volatility Foundation Volatility Framework 2.6
Process: csrss.exe Pid: 584 Address: 0x7f6f0000
Vad Tag: Vad Protection: PAGE_EXECUTE_READWRITE
Flags: Protection: 6
0x7f6f0000 c8 00 00 00 91 01 00 00 ff ee ff ee 08 70 00 00 .............p..
0x7f6f0010 08 00 00 00 00 fe 00 00 00 00 10 00 00 20 00 00 ................
0x7f6f0020 00 02 00 00 00 20 00 00 8d 01 00 00 ff ef fd 7f ................
0x7f6f0030 03 00 08 06 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
0x7f6f0000 c8000000 ENTER 0x0, 0x0
0x7f6f0004 91 XCHG ECX, EAX
0x7f6f0005 0100 ADD [EAX], EAX
0x7f6f0007 00ff ADD BH, BH
0x7f6f0009 ee OUT DX, AL
0x7f6f000a ff DB 0xff
0x7f6f000b ee OUT DX, AL
0x7f6f000c 087000 OR [EAX+0x0], DH
0x7f6f000f 0008 ADD [EAX], CL
0x7f6f0011 0000 ADD [EAX], AL
0x7f6f0013 0000 ADD [EAX], AL
0x7f6f0015 fe00 INC BYTE [EAX]
0x7f6f0017 0000 ADD [EAX], AL
0x7f6f0019 0010 ADD [EAX], DL
0x7f6f001b 0000 ADD [EAX], AL
0x7f6f001d 2000 AND [EAX], AL
0x7f6f001f 0000 ADD [EAX], AL
0x7f6f0021 0200 ADD AL, [EAX]
0x7f6f0023 0000 ADD [EAX], AL
0x7f6f0025 2000 AND [EAX], AL
0x7f6f0027 008d010000ff ADD [EBP-0xffffff], CL
0x7f6f002d ef OUT DX, EAX
0x7f6f002e fd STD
0x7f6f002f 7f03 JG 0x7f6f0034
0x7f6f0031 0008 ADD [EAX], CL
0x7f6f0033 06 PUSH ES
0x7f6f0034 0000 ADD [EAX], AL
0x7f6f0036 0000 ADD [EAX], AL
0x7f6f0038 0000 ADD [EAX], AL
0x7f6f003a 0000 ADD [EAX], AL
0x7f6f003c 0000 ADD [EAX], AL
0x7f6f003e 0000 ADD [EAX], AL
[...]
voluser@vol-server:~$ ls
cridex_memdump.zip process.0x82298700.0x4c540000.dmp process.0x82298700.0x6a230000.dmp
cridex.vmem process.0x82298700.0x4dc40000.dmp process.0x82298700.0x73f40000.dmp
process.0x81e7bda0.0x3d0000.dmp process.0x82298700.0x4ee0000.dmp process.0x82298700.0xf9e0000.dmp
process.0x821dea70.0x1460000.dmp process.0x82298700.0x554c0000.dmp process.0x822a0598.0x7f6f0000.dmp
process.0x82298700.0x13410000.dmp process.0x82298700.0x5de10000.dmp
voluser@vol-server:~$ ls | grep "dmp" | wc -l
12
Executing the command then counting the result dumping to the current directory (-D .)
Answer : 12
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Last but certainly not least we can view all of the DLLs loaded into memory. DLLs are shared system libraries utilized in system processes. These are commonly subjected to hijacking and other side-loading attacks, making them a key target for forensics. Let's list all of the DLLs in memory now with the command `dlllist`
voluser@vol-server:~$ volatility -f cridex.vmem --profile=WinXPSP2x86 dlllist
Volatility Foundation Volatility Framework 2.6
************************************************************************
System pid: 4
Unable to read PEB for task.
************************************************************************
smss.exe pid: 368
Command line : \SystemRoot\System32\smss.exe
Base Size LoadCount LoadTime Path
---------- ---------- ---------- ------------------------------ ----
0x48580000 0xf000 0xffff \SystemRoot\System32\smss.exe
0x7c900000 0xaf000 0xffff C:\WINDOWS\system32\ntdll.dll
************************************************************************
csrss.exe pid: 584
Command line : C:\WINDOWS\system32\csrss.exe ObjectDirectory=\Windows SharedSection=1024,3072,512 Windows=On SubSystem
Type=Windows ServerDll=basesrv,1 ServerDll=winsrv:UserServerDllInitialization,3 ServerDll=winsrv:ConServerDllInitializ
ation,2 ProfileControl=Off MaxRequestThreads=16
Service Pack 3
Base Size LoadCount LoadTime Path
---------- ---------- ---------- ------------------------------ ----
0x4a680000 0x5000 0xffff \??\C:\WINDOWS\system32\csrss.exe
0x7c900000 0xaf000 0xffff C:\WINDOWS\system32\ntdll.dll
0x75b40000 0xb000 0xffff C:\WINDOWS\system32\CSRSRV.dll
0x75b50000 0x10000 0x3 C:\WINDOWS\system32\basesrv.dll
0x75b60000 0x4b000 0x2 C:\WINDOWS\system32\winsrv.dll
0x77f10000 0x49000 0x5 C:\WINDOWS\system32\GDI32.dll
0x7c800000 0xf6000 0x10 C:\WINDOWS\system32\KERNEL32.dll
0x7e410000 0x91000 0x6 C:\WINDOWS\system32\USER32.dll
0x7e720000 0xb0000 0x1 C:\WINDOWS\system32\sxs.dll
0x77dd0000 0x9b000 0x5 C:\WINDOWS\system32\ADVAPI32.dll
0x77e70000 0x92000 0x3 C:\WINDOWS\system32\RPCRT4.dll
0x77fe0000 0x11000 0x2 C:\WINDOWS\system32\Secur32.dll
************************************************************************
winlogon.exe pid: 608
Command line : winlogon.exe
Service Pack 3
[...]
No Answer.
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Now that we've seen all of the DLLs running in memory, let's go a step further and pull them out! Do this now with the command `volatility -f MEMORY_FILE.raw --profile=PROFILE --pid=PID dlldump -D <Destination Directory>` where the PID is the process ID of the infected process we identified earlier (questions five and six). How many DLLs does this end up pulling?
voluser@vol-server:~$ mkdir dumpdll
voluser@vol-server:~$ volatility -f cridex.vmem --profile=WinXPSP2x86 --pid=PID dlldump -D dumpdll/
Volatility Foundation Volatility Framework 2.6
Process(V) Name Module Base Module Name Result
---------- -------------------- ----------- -------------------- ------
ERROR : volatility.debug : Invalid PID PID
voluser@vol-server:~$ volatility -f cridex.vmem --profile=WinXPSP2x86 --pid=584 dlldump -D dumpdll/
Volatility Foundation Volatility Framework 2.6
Process(V) Name Module Base Module Name Result
---------- -------------------- ----------- -------------------- ------
0x822a0598 csrss.exe 0x04a680000 csrss.exe OK: module.584.24a0598.4a680000.dll
0x822a0598 csrss.exe 0x07c900000 ntdll.dll OK: module.584.24a0598.7c900000.dll
0x822a0598 csrss.exe 0x075b40000 CSRSRV.dll OK: module.584.24a0598.75b40000.dll
0x822a0598 csrss.exe 0x077f10000 GDI32.dll OK: module.584.24a0598.77f10000.dll
0x822a0598 csrss.exe 0x07e720000 sxs.dll OK: module.584.24a0598.7e720000.dll
0x822a0598 csrss.exe 0x077e70000 RPCRT4.dll OK: module.584.24a0598.77e70000.dll
0x822a0598 csrss.exe 0x077dd0000 ADVAPI32.dll OK: module.584.24a0598.77dd0000.dll
0x822a0598 csrss.exe 0x077fe0000 Secur32.dll OK: module.584.24a0598.77fe0000.dll
0x822a0598 csrss.exe 0x075b50000 basesrv.dll OK: module.584.24a0598.75b50000.dll
0x822a0598 csrss.exe 0x07c800000 KERNEL32.dll OK: module.584.24a0598.7c800000.dll
0x822a0598 csrss.exe 0x07e410000 USER32.dll OK: module.584.24a0598.7e410000.dll
0x822a0598 csrss.exe 0x075b60000 winsrv.dll OK: module.584.24a0598.75b60000.dll
voluser@vol-server:~$ cd dumpdll/
voluser@vol-server:~/dumpdll$ ls | wc -l
12
Answer : 12
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Upload the extracted files to VirusTotal for examination.
No ANswer.
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Upload the extracted files to Hybrid Analysis for examination - Note, this will also upload to VirusTotal but for the sake of demonstration we have done this separately.
No Answer.
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What malware has our sample been infected with? You can find this in the results of VirusTotal and Hybrid Anaylsis.
Loooking on hybrid analysis the name of our file ;
Answer : Cridex
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Check out the resources provided above!
No Answer.